Ation, (148,614 sufferers) were prescribed a single potentially inappropriate medication, 77,923 (7.six ) were prescribed two and 69,116 (six.8 ) have been prescribed 3 or a lot more.Prevalence of PIP based on individual STOPP criteriaIn order to investigate the MCP-2/CCL8 Protein manufacturer potential effect of co-morbid circumstances on PIP, we applied the VIP, Human (HEK293, His) Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) for the CPRD data. The CCI could be the most broadly studied morbidity index and its validity has been confirmed by comparison with other indices [23,24]. It has also been validated for application to longitudinal databases [25]. The CCI requires account of each the number and severity from the comorbid situations.OutcomesThe key outcome was the all round prevalence of PIP in those aged 70 years in 2007 in the UK, in accordance with the extensive set of 52 STOPP criteria and also the subset of 28 criteria. Secondary outcome measures had been: (i) the prevalence of PIP per individual STOPP criterion, and (ii) the association involving PIP, polypharmacy, CCI, gender, and age group.Table two describes the prevalence for every individual STOPP criteria, listed by physiological method. Essentially the most widespread problem of PIP was therapeutic duplication (121,668 patients 11.9 ), followed by use of aspirin with no history of coronary, cerebral or peripheral vascular symptoms or occlusive arterial event (115,576 sufferers 11.3 ). Use of PPIs at maximum therapeutic dose for 8 weeks (38,153 individuals, 3.7 ) was the third most typical PIP, whilst alpha blockers with long-term urinary catheter in situ (31,226 sufferers 3.1 ) was subsequent. Quite a few other criteria had a prevalence less than 0.5 . There was sturdy evidence of an association among PIP and polypharmacy. These getting 4 or far more repeat medications were 18 occasions extra probably to be exposed to PIP compared to those on 0? medications (OR 18.2, 95 CI, 18.0-18.four, P 0.05). The odds of getting a PIP was only slightly reduced in females in comparison to males when adjusting for other components (OR 0.9 95 CI 0.90.9, P 0.05). PIP was significantly less common in these aged 85 years and above compared to these aged 70?four yearsBradley et al. BMC Geriatrics 2014, 14:72 biomedcentral/1471-2318/14/Page 4 ofTable 1 Descriptive traits on the study population in CPRDPIP No PIP (n = 723,838) (n = 295,653) Gender -Male ( ) -Female ( ) -Missing ( ) Age (years) -70?4 ( ) -75?0 ( ) -81?five ( ) – 85 ( ) Morbidities (Charlson morbidity index score) -1 ( ) -2 ( ) -3 ( ) Polypharmacy (four medicines) -Never ( ) -Ever ( ) Chronic Obructive Pulmonary Disease -No ( ) -Yes ( ) Peptic ulcer -No ( ) -Yes ( ) Diabetes -No ( ) -Yes ( ) Dementia -No ( ) -Yes ( ) Hypertension -No ( ) -Yes ( ) Osteoarthritis -No ( ) -Yes ( ) Heart failure -No ( ) -Yes ( ) Parkinsonism -No ( ) -Yes ( ) 290,071 (29.0) 709,721 (71.0) five,582 (28.three) 14,117 (71.7) 292,294 (29.0) 715,868 (71.0) three,359 (29.7) 7,970 (70.four) 216,981 (26.5) 601,325 (73.5) 78,672 (39.1) 122,513 (60.9) 140,467 (21.1) 525,316 (78.9) 155,186 (43.9) 198,522 (56.1) 283,983 (28.5) 710,985 (71.five) 11,670 (47.six) 12,853 (52.four) 225,280 (27.three) 625,591 (72.7) 70,373 (41.7) 98,247 (58.three) 274,487 (28.9) 675,938 (71.1) 21,166 (30.7) 47,900 (69.4) 277,497 (28.2) 707,447 (71.eight) 18,156 (52.6) 16,391 (47.5) 114,816 (14.6) 669,572 (85.three) 180,837 (76.9) 54,266 (23.1) 189,864 (28.three) 481,983 (71.7) 52,365 (46.eight) 53,424 (22.7) 59,519 (53.two) 182,336 (77.3) 82,177 (37.4) 92,488 (37.6) 62,407 (33.1) 58,581 (18) 137,366 (62.six) 153,778 (62.four) 126,040 (66.9) 306,654 (84) 122,817 (28.7) 304,622 (71.three) 172,834 (29.2) 419,211 (70.