Proving to become extremely advantageous in enhancing the quality of life of millions of women across the globe.Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.A. and I.U.; methodology, M.A., A.A. and I.U.; validation, M.A., A.A., M.N.D., H.A.A., I.U., M.A. and D.D.B.; formal analysis, M.A., A.A., M.N.D., H.A.A., I.U., M.A. and D.D.B.; resources, M.A., A.A., I.U. and M.I.; data curation, M.A., A.A., M.N.D., H.A.A., I.U., M.A. and D.D.B.; writing–original draft preparation, M.A., A.A., M.N.D., H.A.A. and M.I.; writing–review and editing, I.U., M.I. and D.D.B.; supervision, I.U. and D.D.B.; project administration, A.A. and I.U. All authors have read and agreed towards the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This analysis received no external funding. Institutional Overview Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.Diseases 2021, 9,11 ofData Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
virusesArticleAnti-HIV Activity of Cucurbitacin-D against Cigarette Smoke Condensate-Induced HIV Replication in the U1 MacrophagesSunitha Kodidela , , Namita Sinha , Asit Kumar and Santosh Kumar The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; [email protected] (N.S.); [email protected] (A.K.) Correspondence: [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (S.K.) These authors contributed equally to this work.Citation: Kodidela, S.; Sinha, N.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, S. Anti-HIV Activity of Cucurbitacin-D against Cigarette Smoke Condensate-Induced HIV Replication within the U1 Macrophages. Viruses 2021, 13, 1004. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061004 Academic Editors: Maria Cecilia Garibaldi Marcondes and Marcus Kaul Received: 23 February 2021 Accepted: 25 May possibly 2021 Published: 27 MayAbstract: Chemodietary agents are emerging as promising adjuvant therapies in P2Y2 Receptor manufacturer treating numerous disease situations. Having said that, you’ll find no adjuvant therapies offered to lessen the neurotoxicity of presently current antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). In this study, we investigated the anti-HIV impact of a chemodietary agent, Cucurbitacin-D (Cur-D), in HIV-infected macrophages utilizing an in-vitro blood rain barrier (BBB) model. Given that tobacco smoking is prevalent in the HIV population, and it exacerbates HIV replication, we also tested the effect of Cur-D against cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-induced HIV replication. Our results showed that Cur-D therapy reduces the viral load inside a dose-dependent (0 ) manner devoid of causing substantial toxicity at 1 concentration. Additional, a day-to-day dose of Cur-D (0.1 ) not merely lowered p24 in control conditions, but in addition lowered CSC (ten /mL)-induced p24 in U1 cells. Similarly, Cur-D (single dose of 0.4 ) drastically decreased the CSC (single dose of 40 /mL)-induced HIV replication across the BBB model. Also, therapy with Cur-D decreased the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1. Therefore, Cur-D, as an adjuvant therapy, may perhaps be utilised not just to IL-8 custom synthesis suppress HIV within the brain, but additionally to lessen the CNS toxicity of currently existing ARVs. Key phrases: Cucurbitacin-D; HIV; blood rain barrier model; cytokines/chemokines; p24; macrophages; cigarette smoke condensate1. Introduction The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive issues (HAND) is growing despite the productive implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1,2]. There’s an evidence of transmigration of CD14+ CD16.